The Mass/Time Quotient
Isaac Newton's classical physics has two bodies separated by a certain distance impacting at a certain rate. Newton could not have had a notion of outer space, as we do today, and it's a weakness of his theory. When I first studied Newton's gravity calculations, I amused myself by visualizing in my mind's eye a pair of balls suspended in space, impacting precisely as postulated by Newton. My study of Newton's laws did not prepare me for the modern view of physics -which involves much more than mass. Now, when I imagine two balls in space, they don't impact, but, rather, whirl around one another. Gravity is still in effect. When the two careening bodies reach the furthest possible extent of separation, they return—again and again—until (perhaps) forever. The reason for this ellipsoidal motion is the Three Body Problem. True, only two bodies are involved in my imaginary scenario. Nonetheless, if the Three Body Problem affects three—or more—bodies, it is in effect when only two bodies are involved. It is more noticeable on an atomic scale than an astronomic scale, which leads me to think the "problem" eventually resolves itself. Until then (as every physicist knows) the Three Body Problem is a “problem” because it is unsolvable in Newtonian terms. My assertion is not that bodies never collide (as Newton postulated); it is that orbital regularity is the ultimate state of mass interaction. To complete the conceptual picture, Newton's laws of mass must be supplemented by the non-massive (energetic) properties of magnetic fields, specifically, the dimension of resonance. Contemplating this differential physics, recently, I queried the AI about reconciling the two different measures of mass and period:
...the resonant frequency of an atom is quantified differently than the momentum angular of an orbiting body such as the planet Earth...
The resonant frequency of atoms and the angular momentum of orbiting bodies are two distinct concepts in physics. The resonant frequency of an atom refers to the frequency of light that has an energy equal to the difference between two electron energy levels in the atom. This frequency is shifted by the Doppler effect if the atom is moving with respect to the source.
On the other hand, the angular momentum of orbiting bodies, such as planets or satellites, is a measure of their tendency to keep rotating or revolving around a central body. It is a conserved quantity, meaning that the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant over time. The angular momentum of an orbiting body depends on its mass, velocity, and distance from the central body.
While both concepts involve frequency and rotation, they are not directly comparable. However, it's worth noting that the energy associated with the resonant frequency of an atom can be related to the angular momentum of the electron orbiting the nucleus. In the Bohr model of the atom, the energy of the electron is quantized, and the angular momentum of the electron is also quantized, which leads to the discrete energy levels and resonant frequencies of the atom.
In contrast, the angular momentum of orbiting bodies, such as planets, is typically much larger than the angular momentum of electrons in an atom. The angular momentum of a planet is determined by its mass, velocity, and distance from the central body, and it plays a crucial role in determining the planet's orbit and rotation.
In summary, the resonant frequency of atoms and the angular momentum of orbiting bodies are two distinct concepts that involve different physical quantities and scales. While there are some indirect connections between the two, they are not directly comparable, and each concept has its own unique characteristics and importance in physics. The formula for angular momentum is:
L = r*p
-where r is the position vector and p is the momentum vector.
For an orbiting body, the angular momentum can be calculated using the formula:
L = mvr
-where m is the mass, v is the velocity, and r is the distance from the central body. The energy associated with the resonant frequency of an atom can be calculated using the formula:
E = h*f
-where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency. The angular momentum of an electron in an atom can be calculated using the formula:
L = l(l + 1)h
-where l is the orbital quantum number and h is the reduced Planck's constant. These formulas illustrate the different physical quantities and scales involved in the resonant frequency of atoms and the angular momentum of orbiting bodies.
...given these definitions explain the measure of world time;
A leap second is added to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to reconcile the discrepancy between precise time measured by atomic clocks (International Atomic Time, TAI) and the less consistent observed solar time (UT1). The atomic clocks, which are the basis for TAI, keep a highly accurate and consistent time, whereas the Earth's rotation, which defines UT1, is irregular and gradually slowing down.
This incongruity arises because the Earth's rotation is not perfectly consistent, and it has been slowing down over time, leading to longer days. The leap second system was introduced in 1972 to ensure that UTC aligns with UT1, adding an extra second to UTC when necessary to keep the two within 0.9 seconds of each other. This adjustment is typically needed due to the Earth's rotational deceleration, which causes the solar day to be slightly longer than the atomic second.
Since the introduction of leap seconds, 27 have been added to UTC, all of which were positive leap seconds, adding a second to a UTC day. A negative leap second, which would subtract a second, has not yet been required, as the Earth's rotation has not sped up enough to warrant such an adjustment.